The eulachon, also hooligan, ooligan, or candlefish, is a small anadromous Many types of fish migrate on a regular basis, on time scales ranging from daily to annual, and over distances ranging from a few meters to thousands of kilometers. Fish usually migrate because of diet or reproductive needs, although in some cases the reason for migration remains unknown ocean fish, Thaleichthys pacificus, a smelt Smelts are a family of small fish, Osmeridae, found in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. They are common in the North American Great Lakes, and in the lakes and seas of the northern part of Europe, and run in large schools along the coastline during their spring migration to their spawning streams found along the Pacific The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. Its name is derived from the Latin name Tepre Pacificum, "peaceful sea", bestowed upon it by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan. It extends from the Arctic in the north to Antarctica in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the coast of North America North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and in the western hemisphere. It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southeast by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the North Pacific Ocean; South America lies to the southeast. North from northern California Northern California is the northern portion of the U.S. state of California. The region contains the San Francisco Bay Area, San Jose , Sacramento (the state capital), as well as the redwood forests, the northern California coast, the Big Sur coastline area, the Sierra Nevada including Yosemite Valley and Lake Tahoe, Mount Shasta which is the to Alaska Alaska ( /əˈlæskə/ ) is the largest state of the United States of America by area; it is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Approximately half of Alaska's 683,4.
The common names of this fish have a somewhat confusing relationship. The name "candlefish" derives from the fact that it is so fat during spawning, with up to 15% of total body weight in fat, that if caught, dried, and strung on a wick, it can be burned as a candle. This is the name most often used by early explorers. The name "eulachon" (occ. "oolichan", "oulachon", "uthlecan", etc.) is from the Chinookan Chinookan refers to several groups of Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. In the early 19th century, the Chinookan peoples lived along the lower and middle Columbia River in present-day Oregon and Washington. The Chinookan tribes were those encountered by the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805 on the lower language and the Chinook jargon Chinook Jargon originated as a pidgin trade language of the Pacific Northwest, and spread quickly up the West Coast from modern Oregon to the regions now Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska.[citation needed] It is related to, but not the same as, the aboriginal language of the Chinook people, upon which much of its vocabulary is based.[ based on that language. The name "hooligan" appears to have been derived from "eulachon" by similarity with the English slang term for a ruffian or scoundrel which gained currency in the late 19th century.
The unrelated sablefish The sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, is one of two members of the fish family Anoplopomatidae and the only species in the Anoplopoma genus. In English it is also called sable , butterfish (USA/Australia), black cod (UK, Canada), blue cod (UK), bluefish (UK), candlefish (UK), coal cod (UK), and coalfish (Canada), although many of these names also Anoplopoma fimbria is also called "candlefish" in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border, sharing it with.
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Species description
Eulachon are distinguished by the large canine teeth on the vomer bone and 18 to 23 rays in the anal fin. Like Pacific salmon they have an "adipose fin"; it is sickle-shaped. The paired fins are longer in males than in females. All fins have well-developed breeding tubercles (raised tissue "bumps") in ripe males, but these are poorly developed or absent in females. Adult coloration is brown to blue on the back and top of the head, lighter to silvery white on the sides, and white on the ventral surface; speckling is fine, sparse, and restricted to the back. They feed on plankton but only while at sea.
Ecology
Eulachon feed primarily on plankton as well as fish eggs, insect larvae, and small crustaceans. It forms an important part of the diet of many ocean and shore predators, and serves as a prominent food source for people living near its spawning streams.
Eulachon, as anadromous fish, spend most of their adult lives in the ocean but return to their natal freshwater streams and rivers to spawn and die. As such, one stream may see regular large runs of eulachon while a neighboring stream sees few or none at all. Regular annual runs are common but not entirely predictable, and occasionally a river which has large runs sees a year with no returns; the reasons for such variability are not known. The eulachon run is characteristic for the early portion being almost entirely male, with females following about midway through the run to its conclusion. Males are easily distinguished from females during spawning by fleshy ridges which form along the length of their bodies.
Indigenous communities of the Pacific Coast from California to Alaska made eulachon an important part of their diet, as well as a valuable trade item with peoples whose territories did not include spawning rivers. The species was caught using traps, rakes, and nets. The harvest continues today, with other residents taking part in the exploitation of the large runs. Today harvested eulachon are typically stored frozen and thawed as needed. They may also be dried, smoked, or canned. Eulachon were also processed for their rich oil. The usual process was to allow the fish to decompose for a week or more in a pit in the ground, then add boiling water and skim off the oil, which would rise to the surface. Eulachon oil (also known as "grease") was the most important product traded into the interior, so the trails over which the trade was conducted came to be known as "grease trails A grease trail is an overland trade route, part of a network of trails connecting the Pacific coast with the Interior in the Pacific Northwest. Trails were developed for trade between indigenous people, particularly the trade in eulachon oil. The grease from these small fish could be traded for furs, copper, and obsidian, among other things. The". Other uses of eulachon by non-Natives include bait for sportsfishing and food for cats and dogs.
Conservation Status
On November 2008, the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service The U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service is a United States federal agency. A division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Department of Commerce, NMFS is responsible for the stewardship and management of the nation's living marine resources and their habitat within the United States' Exclusive Economic Zone i.e (NMFS) received a petition from the Cowlitz Indian Tribe to list a Distinct Population Segment (DPS) of eulachon from Washington Washington (pronounced /ˈwɒʃɪŋtən/ ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Washington was carved out of the western part of Washington Territory which had been ceded by Britain in 1846 by the Oregon Treaty as settlement of the Oregon Boundary Dispute. It was admitted to the Union as the forty-second state in 1889, Oregon Oregon (pronounced /ˈɒɹɨɡən/ ORR-i-gən) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern boundaries, and California California (pronounced /kælɨˈfɔrnjə/ ) is the most populous state in the United States, and the third largest by area. California is the second most populous sub-national entity in the Americas, behind only São Paulo, Brazil. It is located on the West Coast of the United States, and is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the northeast,, as an endangered or threatened species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is the most wide-ranging of the dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s. As stated in section 2 of the act, it was designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation.".[1] (ESA). NMFS found that this petition presented enough information to warrant conducting a status review of the species. Based on the status review NMFS proposed listing this species as threatened on March 13, 2009.[2] A final listing decision is due within a year.
References
- ^ "Endangered Species Act". http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/laws/esa/.
- ^ "Proposed listing status for Pacific eulachon". http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/fr/fr74-10857.pdf.
- Thaleichthys pacificus (TSN 162051). Integrated Taxonomic Information System The Integrated Taxonomic Information System is a partnership designed to provide consistent and reliable information on the taxonomy of biological species. ITIS was originally formed in 1996 as an interagency group within the U.S. federal government, involving agencies from the Department of Commerce to the Smithsonian Institution. It has now. Retrieved on 11 March 2006.
- The First Sign of Spring: OOLIGAN
- National Marine Fisheries Service eulachon webpage
External links
- FishBase entry for Thaleichthys pacificus
- Preserving the Tradition of T'lina Making - Virtual Museum Exhibit of Kwakwaka'wakw The Kwakwaka'wakw are an Indigenous nation, numbering about 5,500, who live in British Columbia on northern Vancouver Island and the mainland. Kwakwaka'wakw translates into "Kwak'wala speakers", describing the collective tribes within their nation, today numbering 17 in total, organized politically into 13 band governments. Their eulachon oil production
- Making Oolichan grease in Kemano, online exhibit on Haisla eulachon grease making
Categories: Osmeridae | Fish of the Pacific Ocean | First Nations culture | Tlingit | Kwakwaka'wakw | Dakelh | Gitxsan | Haisla | Heiltsuk | Wuikinuxv | Tsimshian
TheTyee.ca, Canada
In addition to being home to all five species of Pacific salmon (seven if you count Steelhead and Cutthroat), the Klinaklini is one of the most important Eulachon runs in BC Oil-rich Eulachon are of inestimable importance to coastal First Nations and ...
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The eulachon Thaleichtys pacificus Girad is one of five species of smelt Family Osmeridae found in Alaska The name eulachon is derived from the Chinook language of the Pacific
Harry O
Fri, 13 Apr 2007 22:40:00 GM
this is a concept video created by intel showcasing where they believe umpc is going. i'd buy one tomorrow if they were really this slim and functional, but i think this world is a few years away yet ... or maybe apple will unveil their ...
